Some studies suggest that cigarette smoking may alter menstrual function by increasing the risks for dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), secondary amenorrhea (lack of menses among women who have ever had menstrual periods), and menstrual irregularity.
Women smokers reach natural menopause at a younger age than do nonsmokers and may experience more menopausal symptoms.
Menstruation and menopause are normal aspects of female development, but they can affect women's well-being and quality of life. Smoking disrupts these processes, leading to complications and inconveniences.
Source: Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General—2001 |
