Women may have greater withdrawal symptoms
More than 90% of young people who use tobacco daily experience at least one symptom of withdrawal
Smoking cessation (nicotine cessation) produces a well-defined withdrawal syndrome characterized by four or more of the following signs:
- dysphoric or depressed mood
- insomnia
- irritability, frustration, or anger
- anxiety
- difficulty concentrating
- restlessness or impatience
- decreased heart rate
- increased appetite or weight gain
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)TM. 4th ed. 1994. |
